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The Phage Experience
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The Story
When Medicine Stops Working
Inside Phage Therapy
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My Phage Experience Notes
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The Phage Experience
Home
The Story
When Medicine Stops Working
Inside Phage Therapy
The Future of Medicine
The Journal
My Phage Experience Notes
Contact
Home
The Story
When Medicine Stops Working
Inside Phage Therapy
The Future of Medicine
The Journal
My Phage Experience Notes
Contact

Sources & Further Reading

GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990–2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050.The Lancet. 2024;404(10459):1199–1226. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01867-1. PMID: 39299261.

World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance. WHO Fact Sheet. Updated July 16, 2026.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antimicrobial Resistance Facts and Stats. CDC. Updated February 4, 2025.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2019.

Bacteriophages attached to a bacterial cell wall, transmission electron micrograph. Image by Professor Graham Beards, cropped from the original, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0.

Enterobacteria phage T2, negatively stained transmission electron micrograph; scale bar: 100 nm. Image by SnaxMikn/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0

Kortright KE, Chan BK, Koff JL, Turner PE. Phage therapy: a renewed approach to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Cell Host & Microbe. 2019;25(2):219–232. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.014. PMID: 30763536.

Gordillo Altamirano FL, Barr JJ. Phage therapy in the postantibiotic era.Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2019;32(2). doi:10.1128/CMR.00066-18. PMID: 30651225.

Hatfull GF, Dedrick RM, Schooley RT. Phage therapy for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.Annual Review of Medicine. 2022;73:197–211. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-080219-122208. PMID: 34428079.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. IND Applications for Clinical Treatment (Expanded Access): Overview. FDA.

Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics (IPATH), University of California San Diego. Phage Therapy FAQ. UC San Diego School of Medicine.

Barron M. Phage Therapy: Past, Present and Future. American Society for Microbiology. Published February 24, 2026.